Respondents had varying levels of experience with GIS projects, mostly involving system application development and infrastructure. Most projects were relatively small in budget. The study identified di erences between the research model and actual findings as follows, emphasizing the importance of GIS champions, adequate sta ng, and su cient training. To strengthen the analysis, factor analysis was employed, specifically using the Kaiser Criterion to identify significant factors. Introduced by Kaiser (1961), this technique determines factors based on eigenvalues, with eigenvalues greater than one indicating a significant factor. The results of the factor analysis, summarised in Table 4, reveal the factors identified based on their eigenvalues. 9 Demographic profiles and respondents' experiences were analysed to understand their backgrounds and involvement in GIS projects. Most respondents were project team leaders or responsible o cers, with a majority holding bachelor's degrees. Few had professional project management certifications. Table 1 Demographic Profile Analysis Demographic Profile Demographic Profile Category Frequency % Gender Male Female Total 14 16 30 46.7 53.3 100.0 Group Age 7 13 7 3 30 23.3 43.3 23.4 10.0 100.0 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 Total Current Position 1 2 13 5 9 30 3.3 6.7 43.3 16.7 30.0 100.0 Top Management Project Manager Project Team Team Member End User Total Level of Education 5 2 9 13 1 30 16.7 6.7 30.0 43.3 3.3 100.0 SPM STPM Diploma Bachelor Master Total Factors Mean Rank User Requirements Top Management Su cient Resources Adequate Sta Su cient Training GIS Champion Organisation Structure 3.0333 3.3333 2.5667 4.000 3.800 4.700 3.6667 6 5 7 2 3 1 4 Component Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 GIS Champion Organisation Communication Adequate Personnel Top Management Support Su cient Training Su cient Resource Component Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total (% of Variance) 1 2 3 4 5 6 12.714 6.060 2.023 1.695 1.202 1.109 21.985 21.175 20.870 8.590 6.962 5.949 Table 2 Respondents Experience Respondents Experience Category Frequency % Certification on Project Management CAPM PGMP None Total 1 1 28 30 3.3 3.3 93.3 100.0 Type of Project 13 14 3 30 43.3 46.7 10.0 100.0 GIS Infrastructure System Application GIS Hardware & Software Total Size of Project 22 1 3 4 30 73.3 3.3 10.0 13.3 100.0 <100 000 101K-200K 201K-500K >1M Total Project Approach 8 15 2 5 30 26.7 50.0 6.7 16.7 100.0 In Sourcing Out Sourcing Co Sourcing Unknown Total Respondents' Experience Table 3 Research model adapted from Onsrud and Pinto Table 4 Summarise of Critical Factors Organisational Structure Factors Critical Success Factors
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