Nearshore Reefs Exploration in Pahang Coastal Area Nearshore reefs exploration in Pahang coastal waters has evolved significantly over the past decade as shown in Figure 3. Between 2012 and 2020, coral video transect surveys were conducted, providing valuable visual insights into reef health, species diversity, and coral coverage. From 2021 to 2023, more advanced methods such as Single Beam Echo Sounders (SBES) and 3D photogrammetry were introduced, enabling detailed mapping of reef topography and structural complexity. These technologies allowed for a more precise understanding of reef distribution and morphology. In 2024, exploration e orts took another leap forward with the deployment of multibeam echo sounders and ROV-based surveys, providing high-resolution bathymetric data and the ability to investigate reef ecosystems in greater detail and depth, ultimately advancing conservation and management strategies for these critical habitats. Geospatial Application on Coral Reef Mapping The use of geospatial technologies in coral reef mapping represents a transformative approach to understanding and conserving these vital marine ecosystems at multiple scales (Figure 4). By leveraging advanced tools and techniques such as satellite imagery, remote sensing, GIS, and underwater photogrammetry, researchers can obtain comprehensive, high-resolution data on coral reef structures, health, and dynamics. These technologies not only enhance the accuracy and e ciency of mapping e orts but also enable the continuous monitoring and assessment of coral reefs, which is crucial for e ective conservation and management. Coral Video Transect Survey SBES and 3D Photogrammetry ROV and MBES Figure 3 Nearshore reefs exploration in Pahang coastal area between 2012-2024. TEKNIKAL 16 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam
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