Satellite imagery is one of the most powerful geospatial tools for coral reef mapping. High-resolution satellites, such as Sentinel-2A, Landsat, and WorldView, provide extensive spatial coverage, allowing for the mapping of large and often remote reef areas that are otherwise di cult to access. These satellites can capture images with resolutions as fine as 10 meters, o ering detailed views of reef structures and the surrounding marine environment. One of the significant advantages of satellite imagery is its ability to monitor changes over time. By analysing time-series data, researchers can detect trends and anomalies, such as coral bleaching events, sedimentation, and algal overgrowth. This temporal monitoring is essential for understanding the impacts of environmental stressors and human activities on coral reefs and for implementing timely conservation interventions. Figure 5 highlights such approaches as reported by Lutzenkirchen et al., 2024. Satellite Imagery Figure 4 Advanced geospatial technologies o er varying levels of resolution from coarse-scale satellite imagery to high-resolution underwater photogrammetry (Lutzenkirchen et al., 2024). Figure 5 Satellite imagery of the Neulka Islands (New Caledonia) by Lutzenkirchen et al., 2024 17
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