TEKNIKAL 18 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam GIS is integral to coral reef mapping, providing a platform for storing, analysing, and visualising geospatial data. GIS allows researchers to integrate various data sources, including satellite imagery, remote sensing data, and field observations, to create comprehensive maps and models of coral reef ecosystems. Through GIS, spatial analyses can be conducted to assess reef health, biodiversity, and habitat extent. For example, GIS can be used to identify areas of high coral cover, detect changes in reef morphology, and evaluate the impacts of human activities such as coastal development and pollution (da Silveira et al., 2021). Additionally, GIS facilitates Geographic Information System (GIS) Figure 6 Coral reef mapping in Pernambuco State, Brazil by da Silveira et al. (2021) Underwater photogrammetry is a technique that involves capturing multiple overlapping photographs of reef structures from di erent angles and processing them with specialised software to generate detailed 3D models as shown in Figure 7. These models provide accurate representations of the reef’s physical features, enabling precise measurements of coral colonies, reef rugosity, and other structural attributes. The use of underwater photogrammetry is particularly valuable for fine-scale mapping and monitoring of coral reefs. It Underwater Photogrammetry Figure 7 3D photogrammetry survey to visualise coral reef ecosystem in Kuantan coastal water the creation of predictive models that can forecast future changes in reef conditions under di erent environmental scenarios, aiding in proactive conservation planning. allows researchers to document changes in coral cover, growth rates, and structural complexity over time, providing critical data for assessing reef health and resilience. The high level of detail obtained through photogrammetry also supports habitat classification and species identification, contributing to a deeper understanding of reef biodiversity.
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