7 The study seeks to answer the following research questions: What factors contribute to the success of GIS implementation? What are the most critical success factors for GIS projects in the Malaysian public sector? Identify factors contributing to GIS implementation success based on the research model. Rank the most critical success factors for GIS projects in the Malaysian public sector. GIS technology, recognised for its ability to synthesise and analyse spatial data, has become essential in various professions and fields (Ceccato & Snickars, 2000; Drummond & French, 2008; Gocmen, 2009). GIS is defined as a computer system for storing, displaying, and analysing spatial data (Burrough & McDonnell, 1998; Wang Fahui, 2006). Objectives Literature Review Successful GIS implementation requires a combination of components, typically following IT implementation processes: planning, user requirements analysis, system design, system development, and system maintenance. However, challenges such as funding and top management scepticism about GIS benefits can impede implementation. GIS o ers several capabilities that benefit public sector organisations: Increased E ciency: GIS can enhance project management e ciency, saving public funds and reducing expenses. Improved Communication: GIS visualises information through maps and reports, integrating with other platforms and media, including mobile devices. E ective Data Management: GIS handles spatial and attribute data, facilitating data sharing, accuracy, and control through database management systems. GIS Capabilities Overview of GIS Implementation Implementation involves technical and organisational issues (Azad, 1993; Croswell, 1991). Successful GIS implementation depends on appropriate sta , organisational structures, and a shared understanding of the technology's potential (Huxhold & Levinsohn, 1995; Chan & Williamson, 1996; Campbell & Masser, 1992). Financial, technical, technological, educational, organisational, and human behavioural factors can restrict GIS implementation (Branko. I. Cavric, 2002). Strong organisational support is crucial (Abdullah et al., 2002; Innes & Simpson, 1993; Ramasubramanian, 1999).
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